Research Article

Quinolines and Macrolides Resistance-Associated Mutations in Chlamydia trachomatis in Women Endocervical Samples in the West Region of Cameroon

B. E. Djoumessi Gomseu
University of Dschang, Cameroon
R. Dadwal
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
J. D. D. Tamokou
University of Dschang, Cameroon
R. Yadav
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
W. J. Takougoum Marbou
University of Dschang, Cameroon
J.-R. Kuiate
University of Dschang, Cameroon
* Corresponding author
S. Sethi
Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, India
DOI icon 10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.5.1071

Read Counter
792

Downloads
602

Citations

Share

Article Sidebar

Submitted 2021-09-18
Published 2021-10-30

Read counter = 792 times

Table of Contents

Article Main Content

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a public health problem worldwide. Although antibiotic resistance of this strict intracellular bacterium is rare, it is important to monitor the appearance of resistance genes to available efficient antibiotics. This study aimed to screen for mutations in some of these genes in C. trachomatis clinical isolates, which may be associated to resistance to quinolone and macrolide antibiotics. Thirty-five endocervical samples were collected from women aged between 18 and 49 in five district hospitals in the Western Region of Cameroon. The mutations in quinolones (parC and gyrA) and macrolides (L4, L22 and 23S rRNA) resistance domains were detected by PCR followed by sequencing on positive samples to C. trachomatis. The overall mutation rate for the studied genes was 60% in the studied samples. Seven (20%) and twelve (34%) samples presented mutations in the parC and gyrA gene respectively. Mutations in L4 (11.42%) and L22 (60%) were detected in ours samples, while no mutation was found in 23S rRNA gene. Seven clinical samples (20%) presented mutations to both macrolide and quinolone resistance genes. This study revealed a relatively high rate of mutations in the resistance genes to macrolides and quinolones in C. trachomatis in the West Cameroon. This rate of mutation calls for the competent authorities for better surveillance of C. trachomatis infection in West Cameroon to avoid a sudden increase in resistance to antibiotics in the years to come.

 

Keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis, genes, mutations, resistance, macrolide, quinolone

References

  1. R. Torabizadeh, “Point Mutations in gyrA and parC Genes of Quinolone-Resistant Chlamydia trachomatis in Iranian Women,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Researchvol. 10, 96-100, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  2. WHO, “Growing antibiotic resistance forces updates to recommended treatment for sexually transmitted infections,” https://www.who.int/news/item/30-08-2016-growing-antibiotic-resistance-forces-updates-to-recommended-treatment-for-sexually-transmitted-infections, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  3. J. Hadfield, S. R. Harris, H. M. Seth-Smith, S. Parmar, P. Andersson, P. M. Giffard, J. Schachter, J. Moncada, L. Ellison, M. L. G. Vaulet, M. R. Fermepin, F. Radebe, S. Mendoza, S. Ouburg, S. A. Morré, K. Sachse, M. Puolakkainen, S. J. Korhonen, O. Sonnex, R. Wiggins, H. Jalal, T. Brunelli, P. Casprini, R. Pitt, C. Ison, A. Savicheva, E. Shipitsyna, R. Hadad, L. Kari, M. J. Burton, D. Mabey, A. W. Solomon, D. Lewis, P. Marsh, M. Unemo, I. N. Clarke, J. Parkhill and N. R. Thomson, “Comprehensive global genome dynamics of Chlamydia trachomatis show ancient diversification followed by contemporary mixing and recent lineage expansion,” Genome Research 27, 1-10, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  4. H. W. Chesson, J. M. Blandford, T. L. Gift, G. G. Tao and K. L. Irwin, “The Estimated Direct Medical Cost of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among American Youth, 2000,” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36, 11-19, 2004.
     Google Scholar
  5. H. H. Hunter and J. A White, “Chlamydia trachomatis Biovar Genotyping and Treatment of Lymphogranuloma Venereum,” Sexually Transmitted Disease 47, 253, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  6. Zikic, H. Schünemann, T. Wi, O. Lincetto, N. Broutet and N. Santesso, “Treatment of Neonatal Chlamydial Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 7, e107–e115, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  7. K. A. Workowski and G. A. Bolan, “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports 64, 1–137, 2015.
     Google Scholar
  8. E. Lanjouw, S. Ouburg, H. J. de Vries and A. Stary, “2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections,” International Journal of STD&AIDS 27, 333–48, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  9. Foschi, M. Salvo, R. Cevenini and A. Marangoni, “Chlamydia trachomatis antimicrobial susceptibility in colorectal and endocervical cells,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 73, 409-413, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  10. Q. J. George, “Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones,” Clinical Infectious Disease 41, S120-S126, 2005.
     Google Scholar
  11. J. Rupp, W. Solbach and J. Gieffers, “Variation in the mutation frequency determining quinolone resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L2 and D,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 61, 91–94, 2008.
     Google Scholar
  12. H. Zhu, H-P. Wang, Y. Jiang, S-P. Hou, Y-J. Liu and A-Z. Liu, “Mutations in 23S rRNA and ribosomal protein L4 account for resistance in Chlamydia trachomatis strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage,” International Journal of Andrology 42, 274-280, 2009.
     Google Scholar
  13. P. Fogue, G. Djeudong, G. Bouting, E. Aglago, G. Simo and S. Lueong, “Molecular characterization of lower vaginal swabs for human papilloma virus in association with Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Cameroonian women,” Journal of Infection and Public Health11, 314-320, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  14. S. B. Zaman, M. A. Hussain, R. Nye, V. Mehta, K. T. Mamun, N. Hossain, “A Review on Antibiotic Resistance: Alarm Bells are Ringing,” The Cureus Journal of Medical Science 9, e1403.
     Google Scholar
  15. S. Paulos, M. Mateo, A. de Lucio, M. Hernández-de Mingo, B. Bailo, J. M. Saugar, G. A. Cardona, I. Fuentes, M. Mateo and D. Carmena, “Evaluation of five commercial methods for the extraction and purification of DNA from human faecal samples for downstream molecular detection of the enteric protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba spp.,” Journal of Microbiology 127, 68–73, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  16. C. Payan, A. Ducancelle, M. H. Aboubaker, J. Caer, M. Tapia, A. Chauvin, D. Peyronnet, E. le Hen, Z. Arab, M. C. Legrand, A. Tran, E. Postec, F. Tourmen, M. Avenel, C. Malbois, M. A. de Brux, P. Descamps and F. Lunel, “Human Papillomavirus Quantification in Urine and Cervical Samples by Using the Mx4000 and Light Cycler General Real-Time PCR Systems,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45, 897-901, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  17. M. Vineeta, A. Jyotsna, J. Amita, and K.V. Anoop, “Prevalence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis in women using PCR on urine specimen,” Biomedical Research 21, 301-304, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  18. O. Mazen, I. E. Wafa, and A. E. Khalid, “Molecular Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis among Sexual Transmitted Infections patients in Khartoum,” African Journal of Medicine and Medical Science 3(3), 2018.
     Google Scholar
  19. T. Deguchi, K. Hatazaki, S. Ito, H. Kondo, K. Horie, K. Nakane, K. Mizutani, T. Tsuchiya, M. Yasuda, S. Yokoi and M. Nakano, “Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance is uncommon in clinical strains of Chlamydia trachomatis,” Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 24, 610-614, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  20. O. Y. Misyurina, E. V. Chipitsyna, and Y. P. Finashutina, “Mutatiojn in a 23 rRNA gene of Chlamydia trachomatis associated with resistance to macrolide,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, 1347-1349, 2004.
     Google Scholar
  21. Morrissey, H. Salman, S. Bakker, D. Farrell, C. M. Bébéar, G. Ridgway, “Serial passage of Chlamydia spp. in sub-inhibitory fluoroquinolone concentrations,” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49, 757-61, 2002.
     Google Scholar
  22. Tantchou, “Petits pas d'Ethnographe, suivi de Portrait d'Hôpital,” Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches, Université de Bordeaux, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  23. M. L. Vică, H. V. Matei, and C. V. Siserman, “Determining the Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens in Sexually Transmitted Diseases,” Antimicrobial Agents 110-127, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  24. Somani, V. B. Bhullar, K. A. Workowski, and C. E. Farshy, C. M. Black, “Multiple Drug–Resistant Chlamydia trachomatis Associated with Clinical Treatment Failure,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 181, 1421–7, 2000.
     Google Scholar
  25. R. B. Jones, D. P. B. Van, D. H. Martin, and M. K. Shepard, “Partial Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates Resistant to Multiple Antibiotics,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 162, 1309–1315, 1990.
     Google Scholar